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The island of Cuba has been domiciled for the last several thousand years by Amerindian peoples called the Taino and Ciboney. The Taino were known to be mostly farmers while the Ciboney were hunter-gatherers. The epithet Cuba in fact is derived from the Taino word cubanacan, which means "a central place”. Christopher Columbus sighted the island in the period of his first voyage of discovery on 24 October 1492, and at once laid claim it for Spain.
Spain maintaned the island of Cuba for 388 years, ruled by the governor of Havana. It had an economic base of grove agribusiness and main exportations of sugar, coffee bean and tobacco to Europe and in the future to North America. British captured the island in 1762, but gave it to Spain the following year. Like most of the Spanish Empire, a modest land-owning elect of colonists had all the social and economic might. They were serviced by a population of small farmers, laborers and slaves.
Many architectural masterpieces built during Spanish rule still stand nowadays. An first-class example is the Catedral de San Cristobal, Havana. During the 1820s, when the rest of Spain’s conglomerate in South America rose up and seceeded, Cuba stayed loyal, although some fought for independence. Partly because concerns of a slave insurrection (as had occurred in Haiti) if the Spanish pulled away, partly because the prosperity of Cuban settlers counted on their exportation trade to Europe, and partially because Cuba feared the climbing power of the United States more than they disliked Spanish colonial reign.
Due to the fact that Cuba is a slender 90 miles from the United States has had a unplumbed influence on the areas growth. Politicians in the south planned the island’s annexation as a way of supporting the pro-slavery forces in the U.S. throughout the early 1900’s. In 1848 a pro-annexationist uprising was foiled after various failed invasion atemps from Florida turned up fruitless. After that the United States attempted to buy Cuba from Spain but was always turned away.
Rural poverty in Spain led to a significant Spanish emigration to Cuba. Among people arriving were the parents of Fidel Castro. During the 1890s pro-independence excitement revived, fueled by rancor of the limitations enforced on Cuban trade by Spain and antagonism to Spain’s increasingly oppressive and incapable administration of Cuba. On 15 July 1895 uprising erupted and the independence party, led by Tomas Estrada Palma and the poet Jose Marti, extolled Cuba an independent republic. Marti was killed not long thereafter and has become Cuba’s unchallenged national hero.
This brief article can’t possibly address the immense history that is Cuba. I have numbered various first-class books at the conclusion of this report. You can buy them all at Amazon or your local bookstore.
Cuba: A New History by Richard Gott
The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Latin America Readers) by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, and Pamela Maria Smorkaloff
This is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives by Ben Corbett
Inside Cuba by Julio Cesar Perez Hernandez, Angelika Taschen, and Giani Bosso
