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The island of Cuba has been inhabited for about several thousand years by Amerindian peoples referred to as the Taino and Ciboney. The Taino were known to be mostly farmers while the Ciboney were hunter-gatherers. The moniker Cuba in fact is derived from the Taino word cubanacan, which means "a central place”. Christopher Columbus sighted the island during his first ocean trip of discovery on 24 October 1492, and immediately laid claim it for Spain.
Spain possessed the island of Cuba for 388 years, dominated by the governor of Havana. It had an economic base of orchard agribusiness and main exports of refined sugar, coffee and tobacco to Europe and down the road to North America. British grabbed the island in 1762, but gave it to Spain the following year. Like most of the Spanish Empire, a small land-owning elite of settlers reserved all the social and economic power. They were served by a population of small farmers, laborers and slaves.
Many architectural masterpieces built in the period of Spanish rule still stand nowadays. An first-class model is the Catedral de San Cristobal, Havana. During the 1820s, when the rest of Spain’s conglomerate in South America rebelled and seceeded, Cuba remained loyal, though some crusaded for independence. Partly because concerns of a slave rising (as had took place in Haiti) if the Spanish withdrew, partly because the prosperity of Cuban settlers depended on their exportation trade to Europe, and partially because Cuba feared the developing power of the United States more than they disliked Spanish colonial rule.
Due to the fact that Cuba is a mere 90 miles from the United States has had a fundamental influence on the lands growth. Politicians in the south diagrammed the island’s annexation as a way of bolstering the pro-slavery forces in the U.S. throughout the early 1900’s. In 1848 a pro-annexationist rebellion was foiled after various failed invasion atemps from Florida proved fruitless. After that the United States attempted to buy Cuba from Spain but was always turned away.
Rural poverty in Spain led to a significant Spanish emigration to Cuba. Among people inbound were the parents of Fidel Castro. During the 1890s pro-independence turmoil revivified, fueled by bitterness of the restrictions brought down on Cuban trade by Spain and hostility to Spain’s increasingly tyrannous and unskilled administration of Cuba. On 15 July 1895 insurrection erupted and the independence party, led by Tomas Estrada Palma and the poet Jose Marti, proclaimed Cuba an independent republic. Marti was killed not far thereafter and has become Cuba’s unquestioned national hero.
This brief paper can’t possibly address the vast story that is Cuba. I have named various excellent books at the close of this page. You can get them all at Amazon or your local bookshop.
Cuba: A New History by Richard Gott
The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Latin America Readers) by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, and Pamela Maria Smorkaloff
This is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives by Ben Corbett
Inside Cuba by Julio Cesar Perez Hernandez, Angelika Taschen, and Giani Bosso
