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The island of Cuba has been populated for over several thousand years by Amerindian peoples referred to as the Taino and Ciboney. The Taino were known to be mostly farmers while the Ciboney were hunter-gatherers. The epithet Cuba in fact is derived from the Taino word cubanacan, which means "a central place”. Christopher Columbus sighted the island while on his number one voyage of discovery on 24 October 1492, and straightaway laid claim it for Spain.
Spain ruled the island of Cuba for 388 years, dominated by the governor of Havana. It had an economic base of plantation agriculture and main exports of refined sugar, coffee bean and tobacco to Europe and in the future to North America. British seized the island in 1762, but delivered it to Spain the following year. Like most of the Spanish Empire, a small land-owning elect of colonists had all the social and economic force. They were serviced by a universe of small farmers, laborers and slaves.
Many architectural masterpieces manufactured during Spanish rule still stand today. An excellent case is the Catedral de San Cristobal, Havana. During the 1820s, when the rest of Spain’s empire in South America renegaded and seceeded, Cuba stayed loyal, although a few fought for independence. Partly because fears of a slave insurrection (as had occurred in Haiti) if the Spanish pulled away, partly because the prosperity of Cuban settlers depended on their exportation trade to Europe, and partly because Cuba feared the surfacing power of the United States more than they disliked Spanish colonial rule.
Due to the fact that Cuba is a bare 90 miles from the United States has had a sound influence on the areas development. Politicians in the south diagrammed the island’s annexation as a means of supporting the pro-slavery forces in the U.S. throughout the early 1900’s. In 1848 a pro-annexationist uprising was foiled after many failed invasion atemps from Florida turned up fruitless. After that the United States sought to buy Cuba from Spain but was always turned away.
Rural impoverishment in Spain led to a significant Spanish expatriation to Cuba. Among people arriving were the parents of Fidel Castro. During the 1890s pro-independence upheaval resuscitated, fueled by rancour of the restrictions levied on Cuban trade by Spain and antagonism to Spain’s more and more oppressive and incompetent governance of Cuba. On 15 July 1895 rebellion erupted and the independence party, led by Tomas Estrada Palma and the poet Jose Marti, extolled Cuba an sovereign republic. Marti was killed not far thereafter and has become Cuba’s unchallenged national hero.
This abbreviated paper can’t possibly address the immense history that is Cuba. I have numbered a few first-class books at the closing of this report. You can get them all at Amazon or your local bookstall.
Cuba: A New History by Richard Gott
The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Latin America Readers) by Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, and Pamela Maria Smorkaloff
This is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives by Ben Corbett
Inside Cuba by Julio Cesar Perez Hernandez, Angelika Taschen, and Giani Bosso
